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Kongeriget Tonga (Tonga for "syd") er en øgruppe i det sydlige Stillehav bestående af 169
øer, 36 af dem beboede, der strækker sig over en afstand på omkring 800 km (500 miles) i en
nord-sydgående linje. The islands lie
south of Samoa and are about one-third of the way from New Zealand to Hawaii . Øerne ligger syd for Samoa og er omkring en tredjedel af vejen fra New Zealand til Hawaii.
Tonga is the only surviving monarchy among the island nations of the Pacific
Ocean, as well as being the only island nation never to have been formally
colonized. Tonga er det eneste overlevende monarki
blandt ø-nationerne i Stillehavet og den eneste ø-nation, der aldrig har
været formelt koloniseret
The islands are also known as the
Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain Cook on his first visit in 1773. Øerne
er også kendt som Venskabsøerne
på grund af den venlige modtagelse af Captain Cook
under hans første besøg i 1773. He
happened to arrive at the time of the ʻ inasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tu'i Tonga , the islands' paramount chief, and was
invited to the festivities. Det var tidspunktet for inasi
festivalen, den årlige donation af de første frugter til Tu'i Tonga, øernes konge. According to the writer William Mariner , in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering,
but had been unable to agree on a plan. [1]Ifølge
forfatteren William havde
landsby-overhovedene ønsket at dræbe Cook under indsamlingen, men havde ikke
været i stand til at enes om en plan.
[ edit ] History HistorieMain articles: History
of Tonga and Tu'i
Tonga Empire
Archaeological evidence shows that the
first settlers in Tonga sailed from the Santa Cruz
Islands , as part
of the original Austronesian -speakers' ( Lapita ) migration which originated out of SE
Asia some 6,000 years ago. Arkæologiske spor viser, at de første
bosættere i Tonga sejlede fra Santa Cruz-øerne,
som er en del af den oprindelige Austronesian-højttalere
"(Lapita) migration, som opstod i Asien for omkring 6000 år
siden. Archaeological dating places
Tonga as the oldest known site in Polynesia for the distinctive Lapita ceramic ware,
at 2,800–2,750 years ago. Der er fundet arkæologiske ting på Tonga,
der er 2800-2750 år gamle. For this
reason, Tonga, Samoa and Fiji are described by anthropologists as the cradle
of Polynesian culture and civilization.Tonga, Samoa og Fiji er
beskrevet af antropologer som vugge for polynesisk kultur og civilisation.
By the 12th century, Tongans, and the
Tongan paramount chief, the Tu ʻ i Tonga , were known across the Pacific, from Niue to Tikopia , sparking some historians to refer to a '
Tongan
Empire '. I
det 12. århundrede sejlede Tongas altoverskyggende leder, Tu ʻ i Tonga, kendt i
hele Stillehavsområdet, fra Niue til Tikopia. I det 15. århundrede og igen i det 17.
århundrede brød der en borgerkrig ud. It was in this context that the first Europeans arrived, beginning with Dutch explorers Willem
Schouten and Jacob Le
Maire in 1616 , who called on the northern island of Niuatoputapu , and Abel Tasman , who visited Tongatapu and Ha ʻ apai in 1643 . Det var på dette tidspunkt, de
første europæere ankom, begyndende med den hollandske
opdagelsesrejsende Willem Schouten og Jacob Le Maire i 1616.
Abel Tasman besøgte Tongatapu og Haʻapai i 1643. Later
noteworthy European visits were by Captain Cook in 1773 , 1774 , and 1777 , Alessandro Malaspina in 1793 , the first London missionaries in 1797 , and the Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry Buller in 1822 . Senere
bemærkelsesværdige besøg fra Europa var kaptajn
James Cook i 1773, 1774 og 1777, Alessandro Malaspina i 1793, den første London missionær
1797, og Wesleyan Methodist Walter Lawry
Buller i 1822.
Tonga was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845 by the ambitious young warrior,
strategist, and orator Tāufa ʻ āhau . Tonga blev forenet i et polynesisk kongerige i 1845 af den ambitiøse unge
kriger, strateg, og taler Tāufaʻāhau. He held the chiefly title of Tu ʻ i Kanokupolu , but was baptised with the name King George. Han fik navnet King George. In 1875 , with the help of missionary Shirley Baker, he
declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal
style, emancipated the 'serfs', enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and
freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs. I 1875, med hjælp fra missionær Shirley Baker, erklærede
han Tonga for et konstitutionelt monarki. Han nedfældede et kodeks for ret,
jordbesiddelsesordninger, pressefrihed, samt begrænset magt til
landsby-overhovederne.
Tonga became a British protected state under a Treaty of Friendship
on 18 May 1900 , when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs
tried to oust the second king. Tonga fik en
slags beskyttelse af briterne i henhold til en traktat om venskab den 18. maj
1900. The Treaty of Friendship
and Tonga's protectorate status ended in 1970 under arrangements established
prior to her death by Queen Salote
Tupou III . Traktaten om venskab og Tonga's protektorat status
ophørte i 1970 i henhold til ordninger med dronning Salote TUPOU III oprettet
før hendes død. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations
in 1970
(atypically as an autochthonous monarchy, that is one with its own hereditary
monarch rather than Elizabeth II ), and the United Nations in September 1999 . Tonga blev medlem af Commonwealth i 1970. While exposed to colonial forces, Tonga has
never lost indigenous governance, a fact that makes
Tonga unique in the Pacific and gives Tongans much pride, as well as
confidence in their monarchical system. Den
britiske regering lukkede Højkommisær kontoret i Nukuʻalofa i marts 2006 og overførte repræsentationen af
britiske interesser i Tonga til den britiske højkommissær i Fiji. The last resident British High Commissioner
was Paul Nessling. [2] . Den sidste bosiddende britiske højkommissær var Paul
Nessling.
[ edit ] GeographyGeografi
 
[ edit ] Administrative
divisionsAdministrative
opdelinger
Tonga is divided into 3 administrative
divisions: Ha'apai , Tongatapu and Vava'u . [3] Each has its own capital; the national
capital, Nukuʻalofa, is also the capital of Tongatapu. Tonga er inddelt i 3 administrative divisioner: Ha'apai,
Tongatapu og Vava'u. Nuku’alofa er hovedstaden på Tonga.
[ edit ] PoliticsPolitikMain article: Politics
of Tonga
Tonga is a constitutional monarchy . Tonga er et konstitutionelt monarki. The reverence for the monarch is likened to
that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tu ʻ i
Tonga. Kritik af monarken anses for at være
i strid med tongansk kultur og etikette. A direct descendant of the first monarch, King George Tupou V , his family, some powerful
nobles, and a growing non-royal elite caste live in much wealth, with the
rest of the country living in relative poverty. Efterkommere af den første monark, Kong George Tupou V, og hans
familie lever i stor rigdom, mens resten af landet lever i relativ fattigdom.
Tonga's education system is free and mandatory
for all children up to the age of fourteen, with only nominal fees for
secondary education, and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary
education. Tongas uddannelsessystem er
gratis og obligatorisk for alle børn i alderen op til fjorten. Tongans are well-educated, with a 98% literacy rate, and higher education up
to and including medical and graduate degrees.
Tongans also have universal access to a
socialized medicine system. Tonganerne har også almindelig adgang til
lægehjælp.Tongan land is
constitutionally protected and cannot be sold to foreigners (although it may
be leased). Tongansk jord er forfatningsmæssigt beskyttet og kan ikke
sælges til udlændinge (selvom det kan blive leaset). While there is a land shortage on the urbanized main
island of Tongatapu (where 70% of the population resides),
there is farm land available in the outlying islands. Mens der er en
mangel på jord på den største bebyggede ø Tongatapu
(hvor 70% af befolkningen bor), er der landbrugsjord til rådighed på
de fjerntliggende øer.The majority of
the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food, with
approximately half producing almost all of their basic food needs through
farming, sea harvesting, and animal husbandry. Omkring halvdelen af
befolkningen producerer næsten alle deres basale fødevarer gennem landbrug,
fiskeri, og husdyrhold. Women and men
have equal access to education and health care, and are fairly equal in employment,
but women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and
government ministries. Kvinder og mænd har lige adgang til uddannelse
og sundhedspleje, og de er temmelig ens beskæftigelsmæssigt, men kvinder
bliver diskrimineret i landbrugsbedrift, politik og regeringens ministerier.However, in Tongan tradition women enjoy a
higher social status than men, a cultural trait that is unique among the
insular societies of the Pacific. I tongansk tradition har kvinder en
højere social status end mænd, et kulturelt træk, som er enestående blandt
ø-samfund i Stillehavet.
 
Prime Minister
Feleti Sevele Premierminister Feleti Sevele
There is a pro- democracy movement in Tonga, which
emphasizes reforms including better representation in the Parliament for the
majority commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. Der er en pro-demokratisk bevægelse i Tonga, der lægger
vægt på reformer, herunder en bedre repræsentation i parlamentet og bedre
ansvarlighed i forhold til staten. An
overthrow of the monarchy itself is not part of the movement and the institution
of monarchy continues to hold popular support, even while reforms are
advocated.
Following the precedents of
Queen Sālote, and with numerous international advisors, the government
of Tonga under King Tāufa ʻ āhau Tupou IV has monetized the economy,
internationalized the medical and education system, and enabled access by
commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other
commodities), education, and overseas travel.
The government has supported Olympic
and other international sports competition, and contributed Peacekeepers to
the United Nations (notably to Bougainville and the Solomon Islands). Regeringen har støttet De Olympiske Lege og andre
internationale sportskonkurrencer og har bidraget med fredsbevarende soldater
til FN.The Tongan government also
supported the American ' coalition of the willing ' action in Iraq, and a small
number of Tongan soldiers were deployed, as part of an American force, to
Iraq in late 2004. Tongas regering har også
støttet den amerikanske koalition i Irak. Et lille antal tonganske soldater
blev indsat som en del af en amerikansk styrke i Irak i slutningen af 2004.
The previous king, Tāufa ʻ
āhau and his government have made some problematic economic decisions
and are accused of wasting millions of dollars in poor investments. [5] The problems have mostly been
driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes,
considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in
the mid-90s by the current crown prince); [6] selling Tongan Protected
Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to nationalize the
purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns within Tonga); [7] registering foreign ships
(which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda ); [8] claiming geo-orbital satellite
slots (the revenue from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the
state); [9] holding a long-term charter on
an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Airport, leading to the
collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines; [10] building an airport hotel and
potential casino with an Interpol-accused criminal; [ citation needed ] and approving a factory for
exporting cigarettes to China (against the advice
of Tongan medical officials, and decades of health promotion messaging). [11] The king has proved vulnerable
to speculators with big promises and lost several million (reportedly 26
million USD) to Jesse Bogdonoff , a financial adviser who
called himself the king's Court Jester . [12] The police have imprisoned
pro-democracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the
newspaper The Tongan Times (which was printed in New Zealand and sold
in Tonga) because the editor had been vocally critical of the king's
mistakes. [13] Notably, the Kele ʻ a , produced specifically to
critique the government and printed in Tonga by pro-democracy leader ʻ
Akilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that time. Den tidligere konge, Tāufaʻāhau og hans regering har taget nogle problematiske
økonomiske beslutninger og blev anklaget for at spilde millioner af dollars
på dårlige investeringer. Disse problemer har primært været drevet af forsøg
på at øge nationale indtægter gennem en række ordninger. Kongen har været
upopulær, da han har haft overvejelser om, at Tonga skulle have et
radioaktivt affaldsdepot (kongens ide) samt sælge Tongan Protected Persons
pas.
Royal
palace of Tonga Det kongelige palads
In 2005 the government spent
several weeks negotiating with striking civil service workers before reaching
a settlement. The Tongan government formally announced on Monday, 11 September 2006 that King Tupou IV died late Sunday night in
Mercy Hospital in Auckland , New Zealand , where he had been receiving
treatment for much of the past year. Den
tonganske regering meddelte mandag den
11. september 2006, at kong TUPOU IV døde sent søndag nat i Mercy
Hospital i Auckland, New Zealand.He
was 88 and had reigned for 41 years. [16] Han var 88 og havde hersket i 41 år.
He was succeeded by his eldest
son, Tupouto ʻ a, now ruling under the title Siaosi Tupou V. Han blev efterfulgt af sin ældste søn, Tupoutoʻa, nu regerende med titlen Siaosi TUPOU V.
The public expected some
changes under the new monarch. Den 16.
november 2006 brød der uroligheder ud i hovedstaden i Nuku'alofa, da
parlamentet ville udsætte forskellige reformer.Pro-democracy activists burned and looted shops, offices, and
government buildings. Pro-demokratiske aktivister brændte og plyndrede
butikker, kontorer og offentlige bygninger. As a result, more than 60% of the downtown area was destroyed,
and as many as 6 people died. [17] Som et resultat blev mere end 60% af centrum ødelagt, og
6 mennesker døde.
[ edit ] Kings and queens of modern TongaKonger og dronninger i det moderne Tonga
1.
King George Tupou I (1875-1893) King
George TUPOU I (1875-1893)
2.
King George Tupou II (1893-1918) King George TUPOU II
(1893-1918)
3.
Queen Salote Tupou III (1918-1965) Queen Salote TUPOU III
(1918-1965)
4.
King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (1965-2006) King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
(1965-2006)
5.
King George Tupou V (2006-present) King George Tupou V (2006-nu)
[ edit ] EconomyØkonomi
A Tongan coin, see
also: pa ʻ anga En tongansk
mønt, paʻanga
Tonga's economy is
characterized by a large non monetary sector and a heavy dependence on
remittances from the half of the country's population that lives abroad,
chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Tongas økonomi er kendetegnet ved en stor ikke monetær
sektor og en stor afhængighed af pengeoverførsler fra halvdelen af landets
befolkning, der lever i udlandet, primært i Australien, New Zealand og USA. The monetary sector of the economy is
dominated and largely owned by the royal family and nobles. Den
monetære sektor af økonomien er domineret og stort set ejet af den kongelige
familie og adelige. This is
particularly true of the telecommunications and satellite services.
Dette er især tilfældet for telekommunikations-og satellittjenester.Much of small business, particularly retail
establishments on Tongatapu, is now dominated by recent Chinese immigrants who arrived under a
cash-for-passports scheme that ended in 1998.
Mange af de små virksomheder, især detailvirksomheder, er ejet af kinesiske
indvandrere.
The manufacturing sector
consists of handicrafts and a few other very small
scale industries, all of which contribute only about 3% of GDP. Fremstillingssektoren består af kunsthåndværk og et par
andre meget små industrier, der alle bidrager til kun omkring 3% af BNP. Commercial business activities also are
inconspicuous and, to a large extent, are dominated by the same large trading
companies found throughout the South Pacific.
Landbruget: Rural
Tongans rely on plantation and subsistence agriculture . Coconuts , vanilla beans , bananas and root crops such as yams, taro and cassava,
are the major cash crops .Kokosnødder, bønner, vanilje, bønner, bananer og
rodfrugter såsom yamsrødder, taro og maniok, er de vigtigste afgrøder. The processing of coconuts into copra and desiccated (dried) coconut was once the
only significant industry but deteriorating prices on the world market has
brought this once vibrant industry, as everywhere throughout the island
nations of the south Pacific, to a complete standstill. Behandlingen af kokosnødder til kopraolie og udtørret
(tørret) kokos var engang den eneste betydelige industri, men dårlige priser
på verdensmarkedet har ødelagt denne industri.Pigs and poultry are the major types of livestock . Svin og fjerkræ er de vigtigste husdyr. Man har øget
kvægbestandenHorses are kept for
draft purposes, primarily by farmers working their 'api 'uta (a plot of
bushlandMore cattle are being raised, and beef imports are declining.,
så importen af oksekød er aftagende. Man har eThe export of squash to Japan once brought relief to a
struggling economy but recently local farmers are increasingly wary of this
market due to price fluctuations, not to mention the huge financial risks
involved.ksport af squash til Japan.
Tonga's development plans
emphasize a growing private sector, upgrading agricultural productivity,
revitalizing the squash and vanilla bean industries, developing tourism, and
improving the island's communications and transportation systems. Tongas planer for udvikling er at få en større privat
sektor, øge landbrugets produktivitet, puste nyt liv i squash- og
vanilje/bønne industrier, udvikle turismen og forbedre øens kommunikations-
og transportsystemer. Substantial
progress has been made, but much work remains to be done. Der er
opnået væsentlige fremskridt, men der er stadigvæk lang vej. A small but growing construction sector is
developing in response to the inflow of aid monies and remittances from
Tongans abroad. En lille, men voksende byggesektor er ved at udvikle
sig som svar på tilstrømningen af støttemidler og pengeoverførsler fra tonganere
i udlandet.It remains to be said that
the most significant contributor to Tonga's economy are remittances from
Tongans living abroad. De mest betydningsfulde bidrag til Tongas
økonomi er pengeoverførsler fra tonganere, der bor i udlandet. In recognition of such a crucial
contribution, the present Tongan government has created a new department
within the Prime Minister's Office with the sole purpose of catering for the
needs of Tongans living abroad..
Efforts are being made to
discover ways to diversify. Man forsøger at
udvikle fiskeriet. Bl.a. tunfiskeriet er der udviklingmuligheder i. Another potential development activity is
exploitation of forests , which cover 35% of the kingdom's land area but
are decreasing as land is cleared. En anden
udviklingsaktivitet er udnyttelse af skove, som dækker 35% af kongeriges
landareal.
The tourist industry is
relatively undeveloped; however, the government recognizes that tourism can
play a major role in economic development, and efforts are being made to
increase this source of revenue.
Turistindustrien er relativt uudviklet, men regeringen erkender, at turismen
kan spille en vigtig rolle i den økonomiske udvikling, og der gøres
bestræbelser for at øge denne indtægtskilde. Cruise ships often stop in Nuku ʻ alofa
and Vava ʻ u. Krydstogtskibe
stopper ofte i Nukuʻalofa og Vavaʻu.
Vava'u in fact is well known
for its whale watching, game fishing, surfing, beaches and the like and is
increasingly becoming a major player in the South Pacific tourism market. Vava'u er kendt for hvalsafari, surfing, strande m.m. og
er i stigende grad en vigtig aktør i turismen i det sydlige Stillehav.
[ edit ]
DemographicsDemografi
Main
article: Demographics of Tonga
Almost two-thirds of the
112,422 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Tonga live on its main island,
Tongatapu. Næsten to tredjedele af de 112422
indbyggere i Kongeriget Tonga bor på den største ø, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans
have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nuku ʻ alofa,
where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended,
village life and kinship ties continue to be important throughout the country. Et stigende antal tonganere er flyttet ind til den
eneste by og kommercielle center, Nukuʻalofa.Everyday life is heavily influenced by
Polynesian traditions and especially by the Christian faith; for example, all
commerce and entertainment activities cease from midnight Saturday until
midnight Sunday, and the constitution declares the Sabbath to be sacred,
forever. Dagliglivet er stærkt påvirket af polynesiske traditioner og
især den kristne tro; for eksempel skal alle handels- og
underholdningsaktiviteter ophøre fra midnat lørdag til midnat søndag.The great majority of Tongans are
Methodists [19] with a significant
Catholic minority and a growing Mormon adherence.
Det store flertal af tonganere er metodister. Desuden er der et betydeligt
katolsk mindretal samt en voksende Mormon tilslutning. The official figures from the latest
government census of 2006 shows that the four major church affiliations in
the kingdom currently stand as follows: Free Wesleyans (38,052 or 37%);
Mormons (17,109 or 17%); Catholics (15,992 or 16%); Free Church of Tonga
(11,599 or 11%). De officielle tal fra den seneste regeringstælling i
2006 viser, at de fire store kirkelige tilhørsforhold i Kongeriget i
øjeblikket er som følger: Gratis Wesleyans (38052 eller 37%), mormoner (17109
eller 17%), katolikker (15992 eller 16%); Free Church of Tonga (11599 eller
11%). By their own church statistics,
Mormons claim 48 percent of the population to substantiate their claim
that Tonga is the most Mormon nation in the world. [20]
Tongans, Polynesian by ethnicity with a very small
mixture of Melanesian , represent more than 98% of
the inhabitants. Tonganere, etniske
polynesere med en meget lille blanding af melanesiere, udgør mere end 98% af
indbyggerne. The rest are European , mixed European, and other Pacific Islanders . Resten er europære, blandede europæere, og andre stillehavsøboere.
There also are several hundred Chinese . Der er også flere hundrede kinesere.
Grundskolen Primary
education between ages 6 and 14 is compulsory and free in state
schools.Grundskoleuddannelsenfra 6 til 14 er obligatorisk og gratis i
statens skoler.Mission schools
provide about 8% of the primary and 90% of the secondary level of education.
Missionsskoler bidrager med omkring 8% af den primære og 90% af det sekundære
uddannelsesniveau. State schools make
up for the rest. Statens skoler fyldes op for resten. Higher education includes teacher training,
nursing and medical training, a small private university, a women's business
college, and a number of private agricultural schools. Højere
uddannelse omfatter uddannelse af lærere, sygepleje og medicinsk uddannelse,
et lille privat universitet, et Business College for kvinder og en række
private landbrugs-skoler. Most higher
education is pursued overseas. De fleste videregående uddannelser
tages i udlandet.
The Tongan language is the official language of
the islands, along with English . Tongasproget er det officielle sprog på øerne, sammen
med engelsk. Tongan is an Austronesian language which is closely
related to Wallisian ( Uvean ), Niuean and other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian and Samoan . Tongansk er et Austronesian sprog, som er nært beslægtet
med Wallisian (Uvean), niuansk og andre polynesiske sprog såsom hawaiiansk og
samoansk.
70% of Tongan women aged 15-85
are obese. 70% af Tongas kvinder i alderen
15-85 er tykke.Tonga and nearby Nauru have the world’s fattest populations [4] . Tonga og
nærliggende Nauru har verdens fedeste befolkning.
[ edit ] Culture and DiasporaKultur Main article:
Culture of
Tonga
 
Kava
culture The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited
for perhaps 3,000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. Det Tonganske
øhav har været beboet i måske 3000 år.Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 1600s and early
1700s, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic
neighbors, Fiji and Samoa . Før ankomsten
af europæiske opdagelsesrejsende i slutningen af 1600-tallet og begyndelsen
af 1700-tallet var tonganerne i hyppig kontakt med deres nærmeste naboer
såsom Fiji og Samoa. In the 1800s,
with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed
dramatically. I 1800-tallet, med ankomsten af vestlige handlende og
missionærer, ændrede kulturen sig dramatisk. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away, and others
adopted. Nogle gamle overbevisninger og vaner blev kasseret og andre
indført. Some accommodations made in
the 1800s and early 1900s are now being challenged by changing Western
civilization.
Contemporary Tongans often have
strong ties to overseas lands.Mange
tonganere er emigreret til Australien, New Zealand og USA for at søge
beskæftigelse og en højere levestandard. US cities with significant Tongan American populations include Portland, Oregon ; Anchorage, Alaska ; San Mateo,
California ; East Palo
Alto, California ; Oakland, California ; Los
Angeles, California ; Salt Lake City, Utah ; Honolulu, Hawaii ; and Euless, Texas
(in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex). Amerikanske byer med
mange tonganere er Portland, Oregon, Anchorage, Alaska, San Mateo,
California, East Palo Alto, Californien, Oakland, Californien, Los Angeles,
Californien, Salt Lake City, Utah, Honolulu, Hawaii, Euless, Texas ( Dallas /
Fort Worth). Large Tongan communities
can also be found in Auckland, New Zealand and in Sydney, Australia .
Store tonganske samfund findes også i
Auckland, New Zealand og i Sydney, Australien. This Tongan diaspora is still closely tied to
relatives at home, and a significant portion of Tonga's income derives from
remittances to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga. Denne Tonganske enklave er stadig tæt knyttet til pårørende
derhjemme, og en betydelig del af Tongas indtægter stammer fra
pengeoverførsler til familiemedlemmer på Tonga.
Tongans, therefore, often have
to operate in two different contexts, which they often call anga fakatonga
, the traditional Tongan way, and anga fakapãlangi , the Western way. Tonganere er derfor ofte nødt til at operere i to
forskellige sammenhænge. Den ene kalder de anga fakatonga, den
traditionelle tonganske måde, og anga fakapãlangi, den vestlige måde. A culturally adept Tongan learns both sets
of rules and when to switch between them.
[ edit ] SportSport
Rugby union is the national sport in Tonga,
and the national team
('Ikale Tahi or
Sea Eagles) has performed quite well on the international stage. Rugby er den nationale sport i Tonga, og de nationale
hold ( 'Ikale Tahi eller Sea Eagles) har klaret sig ganske godt på den
internationale scene. Har været med til flere VM-mesterskaber. Et flot
sceneri er, når holdet udførerIts
best result prior to 2007 was in 1995 when they won one game beating
Ivory Coast 29-11, and 1999 when they won one game beating
Italy 28-25 (although with only 14 men they lost heavily to England in 1999,
10-101). Tonga performs the ' Sipi Tau ' (war dance) before its
matches. »Sipi Tau« (krigsdans), før kampen
starter. Tonga used to compete in the
Pacific Tri-Nations against Samoa and Fiji which
has now been replaced by the IRB Pacific 6 Nations involving as well Japan, the
second string All Blacks (Junior All Blacks) and Wallabies (Australia A) although from
2008 the Junior All Blacks would be replaced by the Maori All Blacks. Tongan Boxer Paea Wolfgram won the silver medal in the
Super Heavyweight division (> 91kg) at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics .
Tongan women are known for
being skillful jugglers [5] . Tonganske kvinder er kendt for at være dygtige
jonglører.
[ edit ] Recent
DevelopmentsDen
seneste udvikling
In July 2006, two members of the
Tongan Royal Family, Prince Tu'ipelehake and his wife, were killed along with
their driver in San Francisco, when their car was hit by a driver
participating in a street race. I juli 2006
blev to medlemmer af den tonganske
kongefamlie, prins Tu'ipelehake og hans kone, dræbt sammen med deres chauffør
i San Francisco, da deres bil blev ramt af en bil, som deltog i et gaderace. The driver was convicted of three counts of
misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter in June and sentenced on August 24 2007, to two years in county
jail for her participation in the deaths of the prince, princess, and their
driver. [21]
[ edit ] MiscellanyMangfoldighed
·
On either his 1773
or 1777 visit, Captain Cook presented a tortoise to the king.IUnder Under James Cooks besøg i 1773 eller 1777 gav han en
skildpadde til kongen. This tortoise , known thereafter as Tu ʻ i Malila , lived to be either 188 or 192 years old. Denne skildpadde, derefter kendt som Tu ʻ i Malila, blev enten enten 188 eller 192 år gammel. It was listed in the Guinness Book
of World Records as the oldest animal (kingdom Animalia) on record. Den blev opført i Guinness Book of World Records som det
ældste dyr.
·
The late king of
Tonga (Tupou IV) had for some time been listed in the Guinness Book of World
Records as the heaviest monarch in the world.
Den afdøde konge Tonga
(TUPOU IV) havde i nogen tid været opført i Guinness Book of World Records
som den tungeste monark i verden.
·
Tonga is famous as
the location where Fletcher Christian forced William Bligh into an open boat during the
mutiny on HMS Bounty (1789). Tonga er berømt som det sted, hvor Fletcher Christian
tvang William Bligh i en åben båd under mytteriet på HMS Bounty (1789). Bligh briefly went ashore at Tofua, which
was then heavily populated, in search of water. Bligh gik i land på
Tofua i sin søgen efter vand. The
Tongans fought Bligh and killed a member of his crew, forcing Bligh back out
into the open ocean. Tonganerne kæmpede imod Bligh og dræbte et medlem
af hans besætning.Bligh blev herefter tvunget
tilbage på det åbne hav. Bligh
and his small crew eventually made their way to the Dutch East Indies , setting a record for the
longest voyage in an open boat (3618 nautical miles / 6701 km). Bligh og hans lille besætning sejlede helt til hollandsk
East India. En rejse i en åben båd på 6701 km.
·
The Walt Disney film The Other Side
of Heaven , is based on the real life story of a young (Mormon)
missionary in Tonga, though the film was shot on location in the Cook Islands . Tonga has more
PhDs per capita than any other country [22] . Tonga har flere Ph.D.’ere per indbygger end noget andet
land.
·
The members of the
R&B/dance group The Jets , which scored a number of US
hits in the 1980s, are originally from Tonga although most of the group were
born in the US. Medlemmerne af R & B / dansegruppen De
Dyser, som scorede en række ameri-
kanske hits i 1980'erne, er oprindeligt fra Tonga, selv om de fleste
af gruppens medlemmer blev født i
USA. They are all children of Maikeli
and Vake Wolfgramm, both of whom migrated to the United States in the early
1960's. De er alle børn af Maikeli og Vake Wolfgramm, som begge
migrerede til USA i begyndelsen af 1960. Fictional Summer Heights High character Jonah Takalua is
from Tonga, created by Australian comedian Chris Lilley .Craig Ferguson commented on The Late Late
Show
about Tonga's Independence day instead of the end of the Democratic Primary results . [23]
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